In the 21st century, populism has resurfaced in Latin America, but it has also emerged as a political force in other developing countries, as well as in Eastern European countries and several advanced industrial democracies. The support for populism in Latin America offers a lens through which to understand this phenomenon globally.
In countries like Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Nicaragua, citizens voted for populist presidents multiple times between 1998 and 2019, also expressing their support through moderately high approval ratings. Over time, however, some of these leaders transitioned from populism to authoritarianism, as seen in Venezuela and Nicaragua around 2018. This shift marks a critical point in understanding how populism can evolve into more repressive forms of governance.
The most recent wave of Latin American populism began with Hugo Chávez’s election in Venezuela in 1998, followed by Evo Morales in Bolivia, Rafael Correa in Ecuador, and Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua. These leaders, despite their populist appeal, took an authoritarian drift, accumulating power, limiting political opposition, and undermining checks and balances. They co-opted state institutions and placed constraints on independent media, distorting the democratic process.
It is crucial to distinguish between the social-democratic left, seen in countries like Uruguay, Brazil, and Chile in the early 2000s, and the populist left in Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Nicaragua during the same period. A new wave of populism emerged in Mexico and Brazil in 2018, and El Salvador in 2019, with leaders like Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) in Mexico and Nayib Bukele in El Salvador. While these leaders still enjoy high levels of support, they have also resorted to undemocratic tactics to bolster their executive power.
Support for populist leaders in Latin America is not monolithic. It can be linked to various factors, including ideology, policy preferences, and perceptions of presidential performance.
Populist supporters can be categorized into two distinct groups: “convenience followers” and “hardcore supporters.” Convenience followers are willing to support populist leaders temporarily, based on perceived performance, while hardcore supporters remain loyal despite undemocratic actions.
In examining the dimensions of support for populism, it becomes clear that demographic variables, while relevant, are not as significant as other factors. For example, in many countries, women and more educated citizens tend to be less supportive of populist leaders. Ethnic identity also plays a role, particularly in countries like Bolivia. However, these factors alone do not fully explain the appeal of populist leaders.
Ideology and policy preferences are crucial in understanding the support for populism. Those who identify with the political left were more likely to support leftist populist presidents in countries like Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Nicaragua, while those on the right were more inclined to support right-wing populists like Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil. This alignment suggests that populist leaders can effectively mobilize support by appealing to the ideological preferences of their base.
The perceived performance of populist leaders also plays a significant role in their support. Populist leaders who can create the perception of a thriving economy, reduced corruption, and improved security are more likely to maintain high levels of support. This is true even when the reality may not match these perceptions, as populist leaders are often skilled at shaping public opinion to their advantage, especially when they attack critical media.
Another important aspect of populist support is the relationship between citizens’ attitudes toward democracy and their support for populism. Paradoxically, populist supporters often express satisfaction with democracy while simultaneously endorsing authoritarian practices, such as unchecked presidential power and the suppression of opposition. This contradiction highlights the complex and sometimes contradictory nature of populist support.
The distinction between convenience followers and hardcore supporters further illustrates the diversity of populist support. Convenience followers are pragmatic, supporting populist leaders as long as they perceive them to be effective. Hardcore supporters, on the other hand, are more ideologically committed and willing to overlook or even endorse undemocratic actions by their leaders. Both groups contribute to the persistence of populism, but hardcore supporters pose a greater risk to democratic institutions by legitimising authoritarian behaviour.
In conclusion, the resurgence of populism in Latin America and beyond is a multifaceted phenomenon driven by a combination of demographic, ideological, and performance-related factors. While populist leaders may initially rise to power by tapping into legitimate grievances and desires for change, their tendency to undermine democratic norms and institutions poses a significant threat to the stability and health of democracies worldwide. Understanding the dynamics of populist support is crucial for those who seek to defend and strengthen democratic governance in the face of rising populist movements.
These insights are taken from the author’s recent book: Explaining Support for Populism in Contemporary Latin America (Routledge 2024).
Dinorah Azpuru is Professor of Political Science at Wichita State University (Kansas, USA).
This article is published under a Creative Commons License and may be republished with attribution.
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Publish date : 2024-09-05 00:08:00
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